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Programs that provide low-interest loans for people whose homes, personal property or businesses have been destroyed or have suffered disaster-related damage. Some programs require that the community be declared a disaster area by the President or the Governor before making the loans available.

Programs that provide cash grants to businesses, individuals and families who have been affected by a major disaster or large-scale emergency including a public health crisis like a pandemic that disrupts the normal functioning of a community. Monies can generally be used to pay for temporary housing, housing repair or replacement, permanent housing construction, moving and storage, personal property replacement, medical and dental services, funeral and burial services, transportation assistance and other expenses not covered by insurance or other programs. Included are the FEMA Individuals and Households Program (a program jointly funded by the federal government and the state and administered by the state), stimulus packages approved by Congress and signed by the President, state supplemental programs, and disaster related cash grant programs offered by local government and private sector organizations.

Programs that provide for the short and long-term housing needs of individuals and families who have lost their place of residence in a major disaster or large-scale emergency by providing them with a mechanism for reporting damage, by arranging for temporary housing while their homes are being repaired or rebuilt, by helping them identify alternative short and/or long-term housing replacement arrangements, by supporting their ability to make structural repairs that will enable them to return to their homes, or by supporting their ability to rebuild. Some forms of post disaster housing assistance are generally also available to individuals who have experienced a localized incident such as a house fire that has made them temporarily homeless.