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Programs that conduct laboratory tests to determine the chemical, physical or serological characteristics of the blood or some portion of it. The results may be used as a diagnostic tool for many diseases and conditions.

Programs that take stool samples and screen for a number of conditions including occult blood, evidence of food-borne illnesses such as parasites and their ova, E.coli or antibodies produced in reaction to them.

Programs that conduct laboratory tests to determine the nature of unknown substances submitted for analysis. These programs primarily focus on identifying illegal drugs but may also deal with medication, poisons and other substances. The results of the analysis are generally confidential.

Programs that offer urinalyses, a screening procedure that is used to detect cellular material or substances in the urine that are associated with a variety of metabolic and kidney disorders, and can help to find abnormalities that require follow-up. In many cases, substances such as protein or glucose will begin to appear in the urine before patients are aware that they may have a problem. The test is also used as a diagnostic tool that can identify or confirm the specific nature of a problem when a patient presents certain symptoms (e.g., a urinary tract infection when the individual complains of abdominal pain, back pain, painful or frequent urination or blood in the urine). The test may also be performed to help diagnose specific disorders such as endocrine diseases, bladder cancer, osteoporosis and porphyrias (a group of disorders caused by chemical imbalance); and for patients with acute or chronic conditions such as kidney disease, a urinalysis may be ordered at intervals as a method to help monitor organ function, status and response to treatment.